Baum Drawings

In early times there were over 30 water power sites situated in Sheboygan county. Less than a dozen of these remain today, of which the picturesque old mill, with its mill pond and dam, on the Onion river at Gibbsville is a typical example. The attractiveness of the site is enhanced by the unique rock and timber construction of the dam which is quite an uncommon feature. Most dams in these parts are ordinary embankments. Built about 1850 by a pioneer settler named Allen W. Knight the mill was started as a saw mill, and later was converted into a “flouring” mill, as all flour mills were called in those days. Garret J. Lammers, the present owner, operates it now as a grist mill.

Nearly all the old mills are of similar origin. They were built to take care of the needs of the surrounding countryside. For a number of years after settlement began not enough grain was raised in this area to have kept flour mills running more than a part of the time. But there was an over supply of virgin trees, whose dense shade forbade the cultivation of the soil. In clearing their land the farmers had plenty of logs to dispose of, or to have cut into lumber for their own use.

Thus the first mills were saw mills. As the forest dwindled and grain raising increased, however, the saw mills gradually gave way to flour and grist mills. Water power or mill privileges were eagerly sought by settlers who wanted to set up in business, and brought high prices.

Sen. G.W. Buchen
The Sheboygan Press 
January 5, 1945

Burning lime is one of the oldest and simplest of industries. From time immemorial man has needed lime for building purposes, and for sweetening and fertilizing the soil. Limestone is found in abundance in certain localities, laid in even horizontal layers, beginning only a few feet beneath the surface of the ground, and easily quarried.

The most prominent feature of a lime kiln is the tall stone stacks or chimneys, lined with brick, in which the burning process takes place. The stacks are large to accommodate a large amount of stone at one burning. The rough limestone, as it is taken from the quarry, is dumped into the open top of the stacks, and after it is burned it is taken out through a lower outlet as whitened chunks of lime. At the bottom of each stack is an arch which forms the firebox of the kiln. Burning consists of driving off the gases from the rock by means of intense heat.

The lime kiln at Rhine Mills, which is located in the town of Rhine near Elkhart Lake, was built in 1916 by the Sheboygan Valley Land and Lime company. Stone was hauled directly from the quarry to the top of the stacks with small metal dump cars operated on a narrow track and drawn with cables. Tamarack logs for fuel were obtained from nearby Sheboygan marsh. The lime kiln at Rhine Mills, like many others of its kind, has fallen into disuse and ruins, due largely to the widespread use in recent years of concrete and cement instead of lime.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
January 12, 1945

These peculiar conical eminences, rising abruptly from the flat ground, like giant warts, and towering sentinel-like above the surrounding country, are the most striking features of Wisconsin’s picturesque Kettle Moraine region. The group of kames pictured above is situated in Section 18 of the town of Mitchell near the western Sheboygan county line. Kames are as much as 400 feet high and one-eighth of a mile in diameter at the base. Some are tree-covered to the very top, despite their steep, sloping sides; but others are quite bare of tree growth. Viewed from a distance, a deep blue haze usually hangs about them, adding greatly to their romantic charm .

When you motor through the “kettles,” you cannot fail to wonder about the origin of these huge isolated piles of sand and gravel and clay. They are the work of the continental ice sheets that crept down from the north and covered the region to a great depth probably twenty-five or thirty thousand years ago. As the glaciers advanced they picked up and carried along vast quantities of earth and rock, some of it from thousands of miles away, and then as they retreated by melting, when the climate mysteriously became warmer, they left their load of rubble and debris behind. Kames are a typical form of glacial deposit, but geologists are not agreed on precisely how they were formed, except that they were laid by the action of water resulting from the melting ice.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
January 19, 1945

When snow flakes, swirling down from dull, gray skies or tossed on the wind of a winter’s storm, clothe the evergreens with a soft, feathery blanket, the stately white pines of Terry Andrae State Park, six miles south of Sheboygan, put on a robe of ermine which makes them even more beautiful than when clad in their regular summer mantle of green. Observe how the overladen branches are bent almost to the breaking point by their burdens of powdery snow. Felt, even though not seen, is the great silence of the woods, broken now and then by the swish of clinging snow slipping from the weighted branches, the less frequent snapping of breaking boughs, or the occasional cheerful calls of winter birds flitting about in search of food and shelter.

Mr. Baum’s reproduction of a typical winter scene in these parts impresses us anew with the thought that in this season of the year nature is a skillful artist, using crystals of snow and ice as a medium and defying man to match her genius. Whether it be the manner of spreading the soft coverlet of snow upon the bare branches of the trees, or designing the endless variety and exquisite forms of the always six-sided snow flakes, or fashioning the feathery outlines of flowers and ferns upon the frozen surfaces of ponds and streams, no one can ever hope to equal, but only to approach, her artistry.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
January 26, 1945

The pointed arch of the Gothic style of architecture, it is said, was first suggested by the arching branches of the forest trees. Nowhere is this more pleasingly depicted than in the above glimpse of the entrance to St. Clement’s church seen at the end of a long aisle of leafy, overhanging boughs. The view is along New York avenue looking east. The arches of the trees and the church form an almost perfect blend. Architecture has been appropriately called nature’s twin.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
February 2, 1945

Since earliest times the waters of Lake Michigan in the vicinity of Amsterdam in the town of Holland have been a favored spot for pound-net fishing. As early as 1845, it is recorded, a number of fishermen, mostly from Ohio, “a rough, harddrinking set of fellows,” pursued their venturesome calling here. In 1874, according to a newspaper of the time, between 30 and 40 pound-nets were set up in the area. Today as you stroll along the beach you can still see protruding above the water quite a distance out in the lake the tops of numerous wooden piles, or “pound sticks,” driven into the lake bottom and holding the nets vertically in place.

These nets are sometimes as much as 90 feet deep. Stretched out they form walls of net-work in the water, extending all the way from the bottom of the lake to the surface. They consist of a “lead” running from the shallower water near shore out to the “pound.” The fish in swimming along stop when they come to the “lead,” and, as they cannot get over or under it, they follow it into the “pound,” which is so arranged that, once in the enclosure, the fish cannot escape.

Pictured are the fish shanties and pier of the Amsterdam Fish company. There are also shanties of other fishermen in the neighborhood. Amsterdam was once a prosperous and promising village, but as the years passed it gradually withered away, leaving scarcely a trace of its former existence.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
February 9, 1945

Gazing upon the lovely waters and shores of Crystal lake, one is reminded of the lines from Sir Walter Scott’s “Lady of the Lake”:  “The summer dawn’s reflected hue To purple changed Loch Katrine blue; Mildly and soft the western breeze Just kissed the lake, just stirred the trees, And the pleased lake, like maiden coy, Trembled but dimpled not for joy.”

Crystal lake’s expanse of clear, blue water, its pair of little tree-grown islands, its irregular outline, its steep, wooded shores rising sharply almost from the water’s edge, give it a rare, jewel-like beauty not unlike that of the celebrated mountain tarns of Scotland. Many persons regard the above view — sketched from the top of the bluff on the west side as the most alluring and romantic bit of scenery in the county.

A beautiful roadway, arched by overhanging trees, climbs and dips, and winds in and out, all the way around the lake, affording ever-changing glimpses of its gleaming surface through the intervening greenery. In the sharp, crisp days of fall when the hardwood trees are a riot of gorgeous colors, and likewise in winter when the evergreens are laden with snow, the beauty of the setting is especially striking.

Like all the scenic features in the vicinity, Crystal lake is of glacial origin, formed by the action of the ancient ice caps. As the great ice fronts nosed their way down from the north like mammoth bull-dozers, they scooped out the basin of the lake and piled the debris into huge steep-sided heaps around the edge so that the pent-up waters could not flow away. The lake has no inlet, it is spring fed; but it has an outlet. Dozens of summer cottages nestle on its encircling slopes.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
February 16, 1945

Drumlins, like kames, are nature’s records that tell of the occupation of this part of the country by the great ice sheets untold centuries ago. They are the smooth oval hills commonly seen grouped in large clusters, looking from a distance like a school of hump-backed whales with their great rounded backs boldly outlined against the horizon. Occasionally a single square mile contains as many as a half dozen or more of these unusual formations. Drumlins all have a distinctive appearance, resembling nothing so much as the half of a hard-boiled egg cut lengthwise. They are elongated in the direction the ice cap moved, steep and blunt at their stoss end, or end of the ice approach, and tapering off to a low slender point at their lee or tail end. On the average they range in height from forty to two hundred feet, and in length from one-half of a mile to a mile, although they are sometimes considerably higher than that, and four or five miles long. Strangely enough, drumlins often rise out of low, flat, or swampy terrain, like the one shown in the above sketch. How drumlins were fashioned by the force of the glaciers is not fully understood, but geologists are pretty well in accord that they were lodged and molded underneath the ice during its forward movement. However created, the remarkable similarity of outline of the multitude of drumlin formations in the Kettle Moraine region indicates a common origin.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
March 9, 1945

Other interests are so predominant that many local residents fail to realize the extent to which Sheboygan county has become a summer vacationland. And yet in recent years, without any great ado, it has developed into just that. Fishing, swimming, boating, yachting, cooling breezes, and lovely scenery, are the magnets that draw vacationists here. Besides the well-known summer resort hotels at Elkhart Lake, which for years have attracted throngs of guests from far and wide, hundreds of summer cottages are clustered on the shores of our inland lakes, as Elkhart, Crystal and Random lakes, and Lake Ellen, and are nestled along the shore of Lake Michigan all the way from the mouth of Black river southward to the county line and beyond. These cottages display a pleasing variety of architectural styles, harmonizing well with their natural surroundings. Probably the most conspicuous is the one patterned after an old Dutch windmill, shown in the accompanying sketch, which stands on the Lake Michigan shore near the village of Oostburg. The cottage’s unusual design doubtless was inspired by its proximity to the large settlement of people of Holland descent in that section.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
March 16, 1945

An abandoned farm in fertile and prosperous Sheboygan county is indeed a rarity; in fact, farms of this kind are practically only to be seen amid the Kettle Moraine hills in the western part of the county. The result of soil erosion, they are nature’s method of protesting against man’s wellmeaning but misguided violation of her laws. When the white men first settled in that area, they found its curious, rounded gravel hills and valleys covered with one great virgin forest, the product of long ages of development.

Had the early settlers but known it, the land had little value except for growing trees, as the rich topsoil, formed of the accumulated leaf litter and humus of centuries, was relatively thin, and the unfertile gravel subsoil was close to the surface. From the point of view of the settlers this forest growth was an enemy that had to be cut down and destroyed in order that they might clear the land for farms. Little did they realize that the trees afforded a natural protection for the soil in which they were rooted, and that when they were removed the wind and rain gradually would carry the exposed soil down into the valleys and streams, lay bare the stony hillsides and drain them of their fertility. Year by year, as this process of erosion went on, the farms became less and less productive, until at last the unhappy owners were compelled to give up the hopeless struggle and move away, abandoning the fields to rank growths of brush and weeds, and the fences and buildings to dilapidation and decay .

Not suited for general agriculture, and capable only of supporting tree growth, the land should never have been converted into farms. It is distinctly a forest type soil. The state of Wisconsin is beginning to correct the mistakes of the past by acquiring these submarginal tracts and reforesting the land by permitting nature, unaided by man, to reseed the blank spots, or where this would by unduly slow, assisting nature by hand planting with tree seedlings. The process already is well under way. As fast as acquired, these lands are incorporated into the Kettle Moraine State Forest, which in the course of time is destined to become one of the finest forest areas in the state and nation.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
March 23, 1945

The wooded ridge, the valley and stream at its foot, and the farm buildings and railroad track half hidden in the trees, present a pleasing combination which makes this scene one of the most beautiful prospects in the county. It is laid on County Trunk Highway “C,” about one mile south of Crystal Lake, and is seen and admired by thousands of passing motorists every year. The stream is the Mullett river.

Once the site of a small hamlet named Mankato, which oldtimers recall consisted principally of a sawmill, carding mill, and blacksmith and wagon shop, nothing remains of the settlement today except the earth embankment of the old mill dam. It is a vanished village, with even its name almost forgotten.

The long, narrow ridge is glacier-formed, and known as a terminal moraine. As explained by the geologists, in ages long past when the great ice sheets pushing down from the north began to melt and retreat to the region from which they had come, they left their heavy loads of debris behind in the form of many curiously shaped ridges, hummocks, knolls and hills, of which the ridge in the picture is an example. These odd and unusual formations give to the Kettle Moraine area its name and so much of its surpassing charm and interest. The tree growth covering the ridge enables one to gain a good idea of what the entire Kettle Moraine country will look like in the years to come when its thousand hills are all clothed with green forest again.

Sen. G.W. Buchen
The Sheboygan Press 
March 30, 1945

The first bold adventurer to harness the natural water power at Sheboygan Falls, and to set it to turning the wheels of industry, was an enterprising New Englander named Silas Stedman, over a hundred years ago. His first glimpse of “the falls” was in August 1835, the occasion being described in an old account in these words: “Having passed the night at the mill (Farnsworth mill), he, with his two companions, started the next morning to explore the country up the river.

Pursuing their course westerly a few miles through the dense forests, they came to the neighborhood of the river. Here they heard the sound of falling waters, and following down the stream through the thick underbrush and down a steep declivity saw amid the over hanging cedars, and the loftier pines, the rapid waters of the Sheboygan, as they went dashing, splashing, roaring down the rocky ledge. This was a wild scene; no woodman’s ax had marred its native beauty; no march of civilization had yet reached it to change the aspect it had held for ages.”

By the end of the following year Colonel Stedman had built a sawmill at the site; and from that far-off day to this the waterfall has supplied the power for a number of mills and factories. Of these, the most prominent is the woolen mill shown on the left in the sketch. This mill is now owned and operated as the Grieves Woolen Mills, but for many years it was known as the Brickner Woolen Mills. With a descent of forty-two feet, the falls offers the most valuable natural water power site in the county, and, in fact, in all of Eastern Wisconsin. Particularly in early spring, when the river is at the flood, the falls and rapids present a wild scene of furiously tumbling waters and swirling cakes of ice, which attracts on-lookers from near and far.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
April 6, 1945

The myriads of curiously rounded hills in the Kettle Moraines section of Sheboygan county are nothing but pure deposits of gravel dumped there in distant ages by the great ice caps as they pushed down from far-away northern realms. There is enough gravel in these hills to build and maintain all the highways and cities in the world. The rounded sandstone rocks and pebbles, when crushed, and the sharp-edged sand, mixed with cement, form an ideal road-building and structural material, strongly resistant to the strains and stresses of modern traffic and construction. Scattered here and there in the region are gigantic pits from which the gravel is taken and transported to points near and far, wherever needed. The pit and equipment pictured above are that of the Crystal Lake Crushed Stone company.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
April 13, 1945

For many years Random Lake, in the southern part of Sheboygan county, has been an important source of natural ice. Every winter, until this year, thousands of tons were harvested on this lake, stored in the adjacent mammoth ice houses portrayed in the sketch above, and shipped throughout the year to Milwaukee and other metropolitan centers. Despite the common use of artificial ice and electric refrigerators today, there is still an extensive demand for the natural product.
The original surveyors’ notebooks, in the office of the commissioner of public lands, at Madison, indicate that the lake was named as early as 1835. “Running a random line,” is a surveying term; and it probably was while the government surveyors were running such a line through the unexplored, virgin woods in the course of making the interior survey of the town of Sherman that they unexpectedly came upon the lake, and named it after the circumstance. The line between sections 26 and 35 crosses the lake. Besides its ice harvesting, Random lake is noted for its considerable colony of summer cottages.

Sen. G.W. Buchen
The Sheboygan Press 
April 20, 1945

The old-fashioned mill, celebrated in nostalgic songs and verses, like “Down By The Old Mill Stream,” has become almost a thing of the past. Pictured above is such a mill, located on the Onion river at Winooski a few miles south of Plymouth —the last of its kind in the county —which was a prominent landmark for many years. In former times the farmers used to bring their wheat and corn here to be ground into flour and meal, trading a part of the finished product as toll.
Survarnard Jewett, Ellis & Oliver (a firm consisting of William R. Ellis and Ellis Oliver), Fred. Joerns, and Hugo Joerns, were some of the earlier owners of the property. Fred. Joerns, the records show, paid $4,000 for it in 1856.

Built shortly prior to 1849, the mill was in operation until about 1910, when it was discontinued. James Stone, a Vermonter, who came to Winooski in 1846, was the millwright who built it. Recently it was completely dismantled and torn down, leaving only a few depressions and embankments to indicate where the mill, the pond, the dam, and the mill race once were. However, Charles Drewry, the present owner of the land, commendably has presented what remains of the old primitive mill machinery to the Sheboygan County Historical society for permanent preservation and public display.

Of more than ordinary interest in old-time mills like this are the millstones and the large wooden core-wheel which helped to propel them. Both are masterpieces of the millwright’s art — and it was indeed an art. Millstones were in sets, two to a set, placed one above the other, the upper or “runner,” and the “nether” or bed stone, their inner surfaces scarcely touching, to grind and throw off the grain, which was supplied through a hole in the center of the upper stone. The grinding surface of each stone was furrowed or grooved, the grooves being cut perpendicularly on the one side, and with a slope on the other. These grooves had to be recut at times, as the surfaces gradually wore away.

The millstones were about one and one-half feet thick and from four to six feet in diameter, and each was made up of a number of pieces strongly cemented and bound together with iron hoops. The upper stone revolved at a speed of 100-160 revolutions per minute, while the lower remained stationary. A set or pair of stones was known as a “run of stones,” and the capacity of a mill was described by the number of runs of stone it had.

The wooden core-wheel, which was driven by a gear revolving on a shaft passing up from the water turbine in the flume down below, the source of the power, was about six feet in diameter. Singularly, instead of iron it had wooden teeth, made of hard maple, lubricated by boiling in linseed oil, and easily removable when it became broken or worn.

Sen. G.W. Buchen
The Sheboygan Press 
May 11, 1945

This roomy old wayside tavern, once vibrant with life and activity, but now fallen into disuse and decay, stands in the little rural hamlet of Dacada on the north side of the highway athwart the boundary line between Sheboygan and Ozaukee counties. In common with communities like Belgium, Lake Church, Holy Cross, Fredonia and Port Washington, in the northern part of Ozaukee county, Dacada was one of the chief centers of early settlement of immigrants from Luxembourg in Europe.
Built with curious receding roof-ends, and with heavy walls 18 inches thick, made of ordinary rounded field stones, and covered with a thick layer of plaster both on the inside and outside, the structure of the tavern represents a distinctive type of architecture mostly found in central and western Europe, and brought here by the original settlers. There are a number of buildings like it to be seen in and around Dacada, which lend quite an Old World aspect to the countryside.

Sen. G.W. Buchen
The Sheboygan Press 

When the early immigrants from abroad settled in this county, it was only natural for them to bring along many of the Old World habits and ideas to which they were accustomed. Pictured here is on odd type of farmyard — apparently the only one of its kind in the county — that looks as if it had been transplanted bodily from the banks of the Rhine, the Moselle or the Oder. Note the clutch of buildings snuggled together, and closely connected with each other, so common in all the countries of northern and western Europe.
In this country farm buildings are almost always located independent and some distance apart from each other, probably on account of not being crowded for space, and to reduce the hazard of fire.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
June 1, 1945

With a wide, smooth, sandy beach, a fine protected outer harbor, and all of Lake Michigan in which to cruise, Sheboygan is an ideal spot for engaging in the royal sport of yachting and boating. The original Sheboygan Yacht club was organized as far back as 1901; but it was not until 1939 that the present club house was completed at the foot of Pennsylvania avenue. The work of construction was performed entirely by the individual members. In 1940 there was a membership of 103 and a fleet of 22 sail boats and 16 power boats. The spectacle of so many white-winged craft boiling merrily along in a smart breeze is a thrilling sight. With many members now in the service of our country, there has been an appreciable curtailment in activities, but these will be revived when peace comes again.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
June 8, 1945

This quaint little church, standing on one of the side streets of Glenbeulah, has a simple beauty and special appeal not unlike that of a New England church on the village green. It was built in 1887 on land acquired from Mrs. Elizabeth G. Slade and Mrs. Caroline F. Dillingham, who were daughters of Joseph Swift. Captain Swift was one of the first settlers in Glenbeulah and hailed from New England, where he had been the owner and master of a fleet of clipper ships.
The deed of the church property runs to W.H. Willis, Joseph H. Thackray and Joseph H. Austin, trustees of the Methodist Episcopal church at Glenbeulah. It recites that “said premises shall be maintained as a place of divine worship for the use of the ministry and membership of the Methodist Episcopal church.”
The church edifice was substantially remodeled in 1921. The Rev. William V. Stevens, of Genoa City, is the present pastor of the congregation.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
June 15, 1945

Main hall was the fifth building to be erected on the campus of Mission House college and seminary near Franklin in this county. Preparations for the construction of this building were begun as far back as 1882, but it was not until 1888 that it was actually completed.

Located in the heart of the settlement of immigrants from the principality of Lippe-Detmold in Europe — all devout members of the German Reformed church — the Mission House, as it was called for years, was founded in 1860 for the purpose of educating and training young men for the ministry.

The first building of the school was completed in 1864 at a cost of $1,027.58 in money, most of the labor and materials being contributed by the individual church members. Before that, beginning in 1855, a few students were given theological instruction in a small way in the nearby parsonages of Immanuel and Saron congregations by the pastors of those congregations. In early days education at the school was free to students who entered the ministry, but they had to sign an agreement that if they did not serve the church 10 years, they would pay $100 a year for their instruction. Students were allowed to earn their expenses by working on the farm operated in connection with the school.

Starting from small and unpropitious beginnings, Mission House college has had a gradual but steady growth, its present normal enrollment numbering somewhat less than 200. The curriculum has been enlarged to include both theological and general academic subjects. The institution enjoys a high reputation and standing and is fully on a par with other recognized small colleges.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
June 22, 1945

Sheboygan marsh, with its 15 square miles of flat, swampy surface, its strange plant and animal life, and its solitude as complete as if it lay in the heart of some unexplored country hundreds of miles away from civilization, never fails to stir the imagination and excite emotions of mystery and romance. Having laid for many years in a partially drained state the result of well-intentioned but futile efforts to convert the land into farms— in recent years it has been reflooded, and restored, so far as possible, to its natural condition before the coming of the whites.

Fortunately, there are in existence two old descriptions of the marsh, which give us a good idea of its appearance in its original primitive state. The very first of these accounts is dated April 22, 1835, and is by Nehemiah King, the head of the government surveying party which surveyed that section of the county. Writing in his official note book, which is preserved in the office of the commissioners of public lands, at Madison, he mentions coming to “an impassable marsh bordering Great Sheboygan lake”, and the impediment to his progress caused by the softness of the ground, the lack of bearing trees, and the impossibility of driving posts or raising mounds for markers.

The other account, a more complete one, is by Gen. Albert G. Ellis, a government surveyor, who re-surveyed the marsh area in 1850 . He wrote, “In accordance with the special instructions I spent three entire days in examining the margin, and going directly through the reputed lake, in order to ascertain whether an island existed therein. The inhabitants resident in the neighborhood assured me there was an island. I took one of them, a Mr. Odell, with me; he pointed out a piece of high ground, of some hundred acres, in section 25. This tract being surrounded by swamp, properly a part of the great marsh, is called “the island”. This tract is not within the so-called lake, section 25 having been surveyed by Mr. King, and not entered on the official plat as any part of the lake.

“I found no insurmountable or uncommon obstacle except the pond in sections 14, 23 and 26. The shores of this pond are all a bog floating on the water for some 3 chains wide, which sinks with the weight of a man at the water’s edge. The south part of the pond is clear water, the north part has grass and a floating island in it, but the water is about 5 feet deep all through it. It is almost impassable in the center part for canoes on account of the floating island. Myriads of ducks and geese. Hay is made all around the pond in places.

“The observer at first would say ‘it has at some former period all been a lake’. But if indeed it ever was so, it must have been at some very remote former period. The tamarack timber though small is old, at least 70 to 100 years. The mud on this marsh under the bog is several feet deep, without hard bottom; the lower deposit is of a fine whitish earth without sand or grit, resembling starch, to a depth of 10 feet or more; in fact, we did not with a 15-foot pole find hard bottom.

“The margin of the marsh and swamp is of a uniform character, cedar at the edge near the level land, then tamarack of a common size, which are smaller as we go toward the open marsh, till they are not more than 4 feet high. The surrounding level land is exceedingly rich, fertile and beautiful, especially on the south side. On the north and west it is somewhat stony and uneven.

“The Sheboygan river is a fine stream, 2 chains wide, 14 feet deep, of a gentle current, perfectly navigable for boats. About 5 chains west of the range line commences a slight rapid, over a loose, pebbly bottom, which continues for a one-half mile. This rapid might be cut down some 4 or 5 feet, at a slight expense, by which means the marsh could be drained and all made dry land.”

As a well-merited tribute to Charles E. Broughton, of Sheboygan, who was the leading spirit in the recent restoration of the marsh, it has officially been named the Broughton-Sheboygan marsh. This marsh, together with Kettle Moraine State forest and Terry Andrae State park, all in Sheboygan county, is among the outstanding conservation projects in Wisconsin.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
June 29, 1945

The fine, 74-year-old Grace Episcopal church building shown above, standing in quiet dignity at the corner of Ontario avenue and N. Seventh street in Sheboygan, is a typical example of plain Early English architecture. There is something fascinating and distinctive about it even to the casual observer. The ivy-clad walls, the steep, high-peaked roofs, the tall, square tower, the narrow, lofty Gothic windows, the mellow, weather-beaten color of everything, all combine to give it an atmosphere of venerability, history and tradition.

The edifice was constructed in 1871 by the late Father Robert Blow at a cost of $7,752, most of which he gave or collected by his own efforts.

Grace church parish was formally organized December 6, 1847, although Episcopal services were conducted here as early as 1845; and the first church building was erected on the same site as today’s structure only two months after the organization of the parish. Sheboygan was then but a small struggling frontier village of about 700 inhabitants, so that the church has witnessed practically the full span of the life of the city.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
July 13, 1945

South of Sheboygan the shore of Lake Michigan lies low, and is wide and sandy; but north of the city it rises in steep, picturesque clay bluffs from sixty to ninety feet above the lake level. The beach here is narrow and when storms are from the east the big waves fling themselves tumultuously against the bluffs. Often when the storms are at their height, the waves and spray are thrown high up on the slopes, tearing away large portions of the banks and washing them into the lake. Viewed from a distance, the bluffs appear bleak, lonely and inhospitable, but the area back of them is serene and smiling farming country. In the days of the Indians there was a well-defined Indian trail extending along the top of the bluffs parallel with the lake shore.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
July 20, 1945

Wade House, the imposing old wayside inn, standing hard by the main highway running through the little village of Greenbush, in plain view of every passing traveler, is one of the best known landmarks of pioneer days left in the county.

Sylvanus Wade was its builder nearly a century ago. Coming from Illinois with his family and two teams in 1844, he first erected a log cabin just across the road, where he furnished accommodations to the occasional passers-by of that early time. He built the present structure in 1849; and opened it to the public in 1850. From the very start it was a wellpatronized place, it being said that as many as 20 people sought shelter there in one day, but that only a portion could be accommodated.

Though falling into dilapidation and ruin, in early days it was one of the most celebrated inns in all Wisconsin. Situated about midway on the direct road between Sheboygan and Fond du Lac, it not only served as a stopping place for the tide of landseekers, immigrants, settlers, and travelers of all kinds passing that way, but also as a refreshment and relay station for freight wagons and stagecoaches serving that route.

Even today one can almost see in his mind’s eye a lumbering stagecoach, the driver with whip in hand, and his four-horse team at a full gallop, pulling up to the inn with a flourish, and the passengers disembarking and being welcomed by the genial landlord.

With the building of the railroad through Glenbeulah, three miles away, and the discontinuance of the highway in front of its door as a plank road and post road, the patronage of the old hostelry gradually dwindled, and it has been closed as a public house for many years. Mr. and Mrs. M.J. Dorst, of Freeport, Illinois, are the present owners of the property.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
July 27, 1945

Most of the farm houses in Sheboygan county are frame structures, due mainly to the abundance and cheapness of timber in these parts in early days. But there are also quite a few stone houses, like the one in the sketch, constructed of field stones and built into thick, solid walls held together with plaster. Early settlers from northern and western Europe were familiar with stone construction in the lands whence they came, and they naturally introduced it here when they emigrated to this country. Stone houses are supposed to have the merit of warmth in winter and coolness in summer, but they have the disadvantage of being damp in warm weather.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
August 3, 1945

From time immemorial threshing time has represented the climax of the year’s activities on the farm. Plowing, harrowing, seeding, harvesting, and most other farm tasks, were merely preparatory to this, the culminating event of the season. Threshing, however, is no longer as important an occasion as it once was. In early days, nearly all the grain raised was hauled to market and sold, it being practically the only source of farm income. Today in Sheboygan county, with our emphasis on dairying, considerably less grain is raised, and more acreage is devoted to pasturage, and the production of hay and corn. As a rule farm crops are fed to stock right on the farm and sold in the form of dairy and meat products.

Another change of the present day is the method of threshing from the shocks right out in the open fields, as depicted in the sketch, rather than in the barns or from huge stacks in the barn yard. Farmers have discovered that the once common practice of hauling and stowing the bundles away in mows or stacks to “sweat” before the grain was threshed could be eliminated without affecting the feeding qualities of the grain.

Still another change is the virtual disappearance of the old-time commercial threshermen, a class of men — most of them enterprising farmers — who made it their business to go with their rigs from farm to farm to do the threshing for a wide area of the countryside, sometimes remaining out on their rounds for weeks and months on end. Today many individual farmers or small groups of farms own and operate their own threshing machines. An improved farming method, obviously, but the trend marks the decline of one of the most romantic and picturesque aspects of life on the farm.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
August 10, 1945

Dairy farming is Sheboygan county’s basic agricultural industry and produces its biggest money crop. There is a total of more than 3,400 individual farms in the county, and the number of milk cows averages 20 per farm. Each cow produces on an average of perhaps 20 pounds or about 10 quarts of milk daily, so that the farmer has some 400 pounds of milk to sell each day. The total milk production in Sheboygan county in 1942 was 316,820,000 pounds.

Most of the milk goes into the manufacture of cheese, and principally cheddar, commonly known as American cheese, of which 15,879,471 pounds were made in 1943, accounting for 76 per cent of all cheese made in the county. It takes approximately 10 pounds of milk to produce one pound of cheese. Strangely, while the total production of cheese has increased, the total number of cheese factories has been reduced from approximately 120 to about 65, due to the hauling of milk for longer distances and other factors. Production per factory has more than doubled in recent years.

Cheese factories, like the one pictured above, are usually located in small villages and at country crossroads, normally about four or five miles apart. By far the largest number of factories are owned by the cheese-makers; others are owned by co-operatives, and still others by corporations, local or national. In view of Sheboygan county’s pre-eminence as a dairy section. It is appropriate that Plymouth, situated in the heart of the county, and the seat of the Wisconsin Cheese exchange, should be called “The Cheese Center of the World.”

The factory at Rhine Center is rather distinctive, the style of architecture having been adopted from Germany.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
August 17, 1945

The attractive building pictured here is the former Wisconsin Memorial academy — now the high school — in Cedar Grove. The academy had its inception in April 1900. It was founded by the Dutch Reformed Church of America to provide higher educational opportunities, closer home, for young people from Holland families living in this section of the country.

Locally the academy was most actively supported by the Rev. J.J. Van Zanten, who was pastor of the Reformed church at Cedar Grove. In 1901 the school was incorporated and the corner stone of the first building laid. The structure, a roomy, square two-story frame building, was dedicated in June 1902. While it was being built, the school was conducted in the chapel of the church, under the direction of the Rev. Van Zanten and his assistant Miss Cornelia Walvoord.

In 1909 the second floor of the school was completed for class room use; and in 1925 the fine new, three-story brick building shown here was constructed. At its height the academy had a staff of five instructors and somewhat over a hundred students. Owing to insufficient financial support, the building was sold to Cedar Grove School District No. 1 in 1938, and has ever since been used as a high school.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
August 24, 1945

September 9 to 16, this year, the First Baptist church, located on the south side of Ontario avenue, between N. Fifth and N. Sixth streets, in Sheboygan, will have the distinction of celebrating the centennial of its founding. It was in the fall of 1845, when Sheboygan was a little backwoods village of 200 inhabitants, surrounded by a dense pine forest and frequented by Indians, that the church was organized. Reverend Luke Hitchcock was the first pastor.

Not long after the congregation was formed, work was begun on the church edifice. Construction progressed slowly, as all the labor was performed by the members themselves. An old account states that Reverend Perley Work, the pastor from 1850 to 1858, “donned overalls and tended mason” to help complete the project. The first services were conducted in the basement of the unfinished structure on March 25, 1849, and dedication ceremonies were performed on May 20, 1851.

The original church building stood on the north side of Wisconsin avenue between N. Seventh and N. Eighth streets: and it remained on this site until it was removed to its present location in 1926. The first school house in Sheboygan was situated on the east side of N. Eighth street between Wisconsin and Niagara avenues in the same square block as the church. Old records indicate that Sheboygan had 371 children of school age in 1849, and as the school became overcrowded, the basement of the Baptist church was rented that year to provide additional space. Two classes were taught in the church basement until 1856, when they were transferred to newly- erected Union school on Niagara avenue.

Of interest in connection with the Baptist church is the fact that, although its history harks back over the full span of a century to the beginnings of Sheboygan, it was antedated by another congregation of the same denomination. Seven and one-half years earlier, on February 11, 1838, as time-worn old records show, a group of six persons — A.G. Dye and his wife, Mary, “Deacon” William Trowbridge and his wife, Dorothy, and his son, William S., and Sarah W. Cole, wife of Charles D. Cole — met at the home of Mr. Dye, at the northeast corner of N. Eighth street and Niagara avenue, in Sheboygan, and started what was destined to be the oldest Baptist church in Wisconsin. In 1838 the whole country was still in the depths of the panic of 1837, and Sheboygan, which in 1836 boasted of 20 buildings, had dwindled to such a point that by 1839 there was only one family left. It literally was a “deserted village.” Most of the inhabitants moved to Sheboygan Falls and vicinity, and the Baptists, who comprised the bulk of the population, also took their church organization along to that place, where it has enjoyed a continuous existence ever since.

The church edifice on Ontario avenue is one of the few examples of typical New England architecture remaining in the county.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
August 31, 1945

Scientists, who have names to describe practically every phenomenon of nature, probably also have a name for the unusual formation shown in the picture above. Whatever it may be designated by those learned in such matters, we know that it was caused in some way by glacial action during the dim dawn of history long before man made his appearance on earth. The peculiar ridge-like elevation, completely hemmed within the narrow confines of the little valley, is one of the curious features of the picturesque Kettle Moraine hills. It is located in the town of Rhine just off Highway 57 one mile north of downtown Elkhart Lake. The road at this point makes a sharp horse-shoe bend along the upper rim of the valley, and affords an excellent view of the scene below. No one should fail to see it.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
September 14, 1945

Shown above is the picturesque main entrance to Evergreen Park, situated northwest of Sheboygan on State Trunk Highway No. 32, within easy walking distance of the city limits. A part of the city’s extensive system of parks, Evergreen Park’s most distinctive feature is the natural growth of standing timber, which has been permitted to remain in its original state, except for the removal of obstructing underbrush and fallen trunks and branches. The park has an area of nearly 100 acres, and contains an aggregate of 35 varieties of native Wisconsin trees, 60 per cent of which are white pines, 20 per cent cedars, and balanced mixed hardwoods and evergreens. Throughout the area have been built numerous rustic bridges, winding and forking roads and trails, picnic spots, recreation spaces, play grounds, and facilities for the use and enjoyment of the public. Sixty-nine acres of the park area were acquired in 1918 and a little over 30 acres in 1936. It has become a popular and favored spot for thousands seeking rest and relief from the heat on oppressive summer days.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
September 21, 1945

Not a feudal castle in Spain nor a medieval stronghold on the Rhine lording it by force over the surrounding countryside — the imposing congeries of buildings shown in this sketch! But a peaceful old friary or monastery of the Capuchin Fathers majestically crowning a distant hilltop and ruling gently over the hearts of men.

Located in the midst of the picturesque Kettle Moraine hillcountry, near the little village of Mt. Calvary, a few miles beyond the western boundary of Sheboygan county, it lends a romantic Old World charm to the landscape, and presents one of the pleasantest, never-to-be-forgotten scenes to be found in this section of the state. Not only is the neighboring village called Mt. Calvary, but also the hill on which the monastery stands. Close by it is a smaller hill — called Mt. Carmel — which is the site of another religious establishment, a fine old convent of the School sisters of Notre Dame.

The year 1856 marks the founding of the monastery. On October 15 that year, when all this district was but little more than a virgin wilderness, Father Francis Haas and Father Bonaventure Frey, two zealous young Swiss priests, at the end of a long, hard journey from their native land, climbed to the crest of Mt. Calvary for the first time and selected it as the ideal spot for their projected undertaking. Their decision that day proved to be of more than ordinary importance. The institution they envisioned was to be the first permanent friary of the Capuchin Order in the United States and the nucleus of St. Lawrence college. The cornerstone of the first structure was laid on June 25, 1857, and the building was completed in March 1858. Oddly enough, these two men started the monastery before they were members of the Capuchin Order, but they were received into the order at Mt. Calvary in December 1857 before the building was finished.

Fathers Haas and Frey were not the first to be attracted to this favored place. Seven years before, in the spring of 1849, Caspar Rehrl, a pioneer Wisconsin priest, built a little log cabin on Mt. Calvary, which served as a monastery chapel and parish church for about 15 years. In 1852 the Sisters of Notre Dame founded a small mission on Mt. Carmel, which in due time grew to be the well-established convent to be seen there today. In fact, tradition has it that as far back as 1680 Father Zenobius Membre raised mission crosses on the summits of Mt. Calvary, Holy Hill, Marytown, and other prominent eminences in the district. Throughout all ages man has been prone to raise his memorials to God on high elevations, probably to symbolize his constant upward reaching toward immortality.

St Lawrence college, conducted by the Capuchin Fathers in connection with the friary on Calvary hill, was founded in 1860. It is a preparatory seminary, having for its aim the education of young men for the priesthood. St. Lawrence of Brindisi, an illustrious Capuchin of the 16th century, has been chosen as its patron. In the 85 years of its existence the college has graduated a total of 3,350 students. Its present enrollment is approximately 175. The school comprises five buildings, and it has a faculty of 13 members.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
September 28, 1945

Probably the greatest of Sheboygan’s natural advantages is its favorable location on the western shore of Lake Michigan. As long ago as 1864, Col. Thomas J. Cram, of the United States Corps of Engineers, reported, “The plateau upon which the city is built is high above the lake, presenting one of the best sites for a large commercial town upon any of our Great Lakes.”

The curving shore of the lake, the wide, sandy beach, the broad expanse of water extending as far as the eye can reach, the constantly changing colors from green to purple to blue, the almost ceaseless roll of white-capped waves, the far-flung horizon, all combine to produce an effect which has few counterparts elsewhere. To enhance the attractiveness of the view, the city of Sheboygan has built a picturesque scenic drive which closely follows the shore line. A section of the drive where it rounds North Point is shown in the above sketch.

Just off North Point, extending out into the lake quite a distance, is a wide stretch of smooth limestone bedrock which bears witness, in the form of numerous grooves and scratches, to the movement of the glaciers when they were hollowing out the basin of the lake during the ages when the ice was over the earth.

The official name of the lake shore drive is Broughton Drive so named in honor of Charles E. Broughton, of Sheboygan, because of his active interest in its construction.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
October 5, 1945

The glory of the Sheboygan county landscape is its trees, not only those clustered in groves and woods, but the solitary elms and oaks growing along the fence rows, by the roadsides, and in the midst of fields. What a dreary sight the countryside would be without trees!

The fine old specimen shown in the sketch is an American elm, probably the favorite tree of most people. It is the embodiment of strength, dignity and independence. Standing out in the open, where it is free and uncrowded by other trees, it attains its most perfect form and development.

It is always easy to identify an elm, even from a distance, “just by the looks of it,” for it has no central stem running up through the crown. The trunk divides not far from the ground into three or four main limbs, and then into smaller branches and shoots . As the tree rises and spreads out in graceful curves, it forms a shape not unlike a huge vase, or a fan, or a giant feather duster sweeping the sky. The slender terminal branches droop somewhat, like the flexible appendages of the weeping willow, and add greatly to the suppleness and stately grace of the tree. It is interesting as one rides through the country to try to identify the various species of trees by their shapes.

The elm is the favorite home of the Baltimore oriole, whose nest, which is hidden in summer by the foliage, is seen in winter swinging, deserted, from the high pendulous twigs, and close to the very tips of the twigs, to protect the eggs and young birds from pilfering owls and red squirrels.

The farming scene in the background is “pea vining”; the raising of peas for canning is one of the county’s principal industries.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
October 19, 1945

Pictured above is the covered bridge that spans Cedar creek, just off Highway 57, one mile north of Cedarburg in Ozaukee county. In use continually since 1876, it is unique in being the only covered bridge still in existence in Wisconsin. It is depicted here to give an idea of what the old covered bridge looked like, which for many years spanned the Sheboygan river at the first rapids a few miles west of Sheboygan, and was mentioned in connection with Mr. Baum’s sketch entitled, “Sheboygan county’s most historic spot,” in the October 26th issue of The Sheboygan Press.

Contrary to common belief, covered bridges were not built to give protection against rain or snow, but to strengthen the structure and to prevent horses and oxen from becoming frightened while crossing the bridge. In winter it was necessary for the town authorities to “snow the bridges” so that sleighs could get through. These bridges were home-made and locally built. The roof and side-boarding make then very dark inside at night, which, together with the loud rumbling of the floor as vehicles passed over it, and the fear of highway robbers possibly lurking in the interior ready to waylay the passing traveler, usually made the crossing a nerve tingling experience.

The bridge over the Sheboygan river was a well-known landmark of its day. It usually was referred to as the Ashby bridge, after William Ashby, a farmer living nearby.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
November 9, 1945

Abraham Lincoln, more than any other American, has enshrined the log cabin in the hearts of the people. Some persons go so far as to claim that the reason we have so few great men these days is that there are so few log cabins for them to be born in. What we need in this country today, they say, is a “Back to log cabins” movement; and when we think about it, we really do need a spiritual return to the oldfashioned virtues and principles bred in the people in the lowly log cabins once scattered throughout the length and breadth of the land.

Log cabins were at one time a common sight in Sheboygan county, the very first houses, carved out of the wilderness, being practically all built in this style, as logs were the cheapest and most convenient building material available. Today, however, probably not more than two or three log dwellings, actually occupied, remain. One is to be found in the southwest quarter of section 3 in the town of Rhine. It was built by an early settler of the town named Christian Schmidt, probably in 1850 when he bought the land on which it is located; and it is still in the hands of his heirs. The structure is larger and more elaborate, however, than the ordinary pioneer log habitations.

The average log cabin was seldom larger than 18x24 feet, and was a one-room, single-story affair, with a windowless loft or attic directly under the roof. As the family grew, and more room was needed, the original structure was enlarged by adding a second story, or erecting an addition or wing. The first addition, however, was most apt to be a lean-to built on the rear of the house, and covered by an extension of the back roof. As the years passed, the original log cabin was likely to be torn down and a commodious frame dwelling built. Sometimes the parents continued to live in the old habitation, while a son and his family occupied the new house. Frequently the cabin did service as a summer kitchen, laundry or storage place long after it had outlived its usefulness as a home.

Sen. C.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
November 23, 1945

In the heart of every man there exists a pressing urge, which he cannot resist, to represent outwardly that which moves him strongly within. When he erects a church his mind is fixed on higher things than when he builds a factory; and he builds accordingly. Churches and cathedrals are among the world’s most magnificent edifices, because they are reared to express man’s noblest aspiration, namely, his desire to fittingly honor and worship the Creator.

Rev. Michael Haider must have thought of these things, when, in 1867, he began construction of the Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, in Sheboygan, or Holy Name church, as it is more commonly called. Father Haider, according to all accounts was a remarkable man, beloved alike by the people of the community at large and by the members of this own congregation. Not only did he conceive the idea of the church, but he personally drew the plans and specifications for it, and supervised its construction. For an adequate site he purchased a block of land 360x318 feet, at a cost of $2,200, and erected the church in the center of the tract. The structure was built of unhewn stone obtained from a quarry located northwest of Sheboygan and acquired for that purpose by the congregation. The church is 180 feet long, 58 feet wide inside the nave and 95 feet at the cross, and 70 feet high inside. Its two impressive towers attain a height of 170 feet. The massive walls are 3 feet thick in some places. Two remarkable features of the building are that there is no steel construction, stone and wood being the only materials used; and that the great span of the cross section is entirely unsupported by pillars.

The cornerstone of the church was laid on June 21 1868, and the building was completed in 1872, except the two towers which were not finished until 1876. The edifice was built near what was then the north limit of the city, and seemed much too large for that early day, but Father Haider was a man of vision and built for the years ahead.

Before Holy Name was completed the parish church was a small frame building originally only 30x20 feet in size, which was built probably in 1847, under the encouragement of Father Casper Rehrl, a pioneer missionary priest, who came to Sheboygan once every three months. Later, probably about 1850, this small building was enlarged to 46x30 feet. When Father Haider took charge in 1862 he found the old church inadequate, and soon began planning the erection of the new one. Of interest is the fact that while the name of the new church is Holy Name, that of the old church was St. Mary Magdalene.

The beginning of the parish dates back to Aug. 24, 1845. On that day Father Rehrl, on one of his missionary trips up and down eastern Wisconsin, gathered together the Catholics he found in Sheboygan and celebrated holy mass. This was the first mass celebrated in the city and was performed in the home of Alban Kind, located on Jefferson avenue between Seventh and Eighth streets. The 100th anniversary of this first mass was observed by appropriate ceremonies in Holy Name church in Sunday, Oct. 7, this year.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
November 16, 1945

Everybody knows and loves the stalwart maples. Commonest in this section of the country are the sugar or hard maple, the silver maple, and the red or scarlet maple. All are tall, stately trees, reliable and conservative, and beautiful for shade and ornament. The fruit consists of a pair of winged seeds or “keys.” The sap of the sugar maple is boiled down for maple sugar and the syrup, 12 or 13 quarts of sap making a pound of sugar. The red maple produces the beautiful curly and bird’s-eye grain when sawed into boards. Peculiarly, the flowers of the silver and red maples appear in spring before the leaves. The maples are at their showiest in fall when the early frosts turn their leaves to brilliant hues of yellow, orange and red. It is the maples, in fact, that give to our autumn woods their greatest riot of color.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
December 14, 1945

Cottonwoods and willows are quick-growing, water-loving trees that thrive in the moist soil of river bottoms and the borders of lakes and streams. The cottonwood belongs to the poplar family, being a cousin of that best-known member of the family, the quaking aspen. Its leaves are triangular, with long, flexible and flattened stems, so that even the slightest breezes set them to rustling. The leaves are also thick and leathery, lustrous dark green on the upper side, and considerably paler on the under side. Strangely, the bark of the lower trunk is rough and deeply ridged, while that of the branches and upper trunk is smooth and of a grayish green color. The seeds of the cottonwood, like those of the aspen, are produced in great numbers, and are blown long distances by the wind.

Cottonwoods and willows are commonly called weak trees, because of their soft, light, almost worthless wood, their rapid and profuse growth, and their short lives compared with most trees. Willows are easily propagated by simply sticking a twig into the soil. Brittle at the base, the twigs break off readily and take root if they fall on damp ground. Those falling on the surface of a stream or lake float until they eventually find lodgment on shore, where, if conditions are favorable, they take root and grow. In the scheme of nature it is important that while individuals may die, every safeguard must be taken that the race or species shall not be extinguished.

Sen. G.W. Buchen 
The Sheboygan Press 
December 21, 1945